Describe the symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of chronic Essay

Describe the symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of chronic leukemia - Essay Example This is when leukemia cells grow more rapidly. One of the most common symptoms of chronic leukemia is swollen or enlarged lymph nodes. Other symptoms include fever, bone pain, weight loss, night sweats, reduced immunity, abdominal discomforts, and fatigue among many others. In the initial diagnosis, key factors include lack of significant circulating blasts, frequent thrombocytosis, and mild anemia. Chronic leukemia patients exhibit a cytochemical abnormality, characterised by low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase (Schiller 2003). A record of low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase is associated with relatively low levels of granulocyte colony- stimulating factor. Additional laboratory features include elevated elastase and uric acid levels. However, in order to confirm the disease, a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy is required to all patients considered to have chronic leukemia (Wiernik 2001). This helps not only to verify the diagnosis, but also to offer some essential information concerning the stage of the disease. In general, patients with chronic leukemia are diagnosed with immature leukocytes in their blood, and include increased number of white blood cells taking abnormal shapes (Skeel and Khleif 2011). However, the red blood cells and platelets tend to appear to be less than the normal quantities. Due to its nature of slow progression, chronic leukemia may not call for immediate treatment. However, it is vital for persons with this type of leukemia to seek frequent check ups for proper monitoring of the disease (Moini 2012). Nevertheless, there are five stages involved in treatment of this type of leukemia: chemotherapy is one of them and it is used to kill leukemia cells, which involves use of anti-cancer drugs (Swearingen 2008). Radiation is also used to kill cancer cells, which involves exposing them to high-energy radiation. Interferon therapy is

Role of the Government vs. Private Sector in Paying for the Healthcare Essay Example for Free

Role of the Government vs. Private Sector in Paying for the Healthcare Essay Writing Prompt 1 Table 1: Clinical United States (High Income Country) Somalia (Low Income Country) High life expectancy. Low life expectancy. Low mortality rate. High mortality rate. Low infant mortality rate. High infant mortality rate. Low adult mortality rate. High adult mortality rate. Cause-specific morbidity and mortality (low mortality rate due to communicable, non-communicable, and injury). Cause-specific morbidity and mortality (high mortality rate due to communicable, non-communicable, and injury). Low rate of infectious diseases (Cholera, Malaria, TB). High rate of infectious diseases (Cholera, Malaria, TB). High health service coverage. Low health coverage. Low risk factors. High risk factors. High availability of health systems as regards to physicians, nurses, and hospital beds per 10,000 people. Low availability of health systems as regards to physicians, nurses, and hospital beds per 10,000 people. Median availability of generic medicines in public and private sectors. Median availability of generic medicines in public and private sectors. Median consumer price ration of generic medicines in public and private sectors. Median consumer price ration of generic medicines in public and private sectors. Median age of population = 40 years. Median age of population = 17.5 years. Median age among adults = 55 years. Median age among adults = 30 years. Low literacy level. High literacy level. High gross national income per capita of $50, 120. Low gross national income per capita of $150. Little part of population living on $1 and below a day. Large part of population living on $1 and below a day. Table 2: Sources Expected years of life at birth. Categories of national health expenditure. 80 years in the United States and 51.19 years in Somalia. $2.7 trillion or $9,000 per person in the United States and $2 per person in Somalia. Role of the Government vs. Private Sector in Paying for the Healthcare From the data available in the table, it is evident that the role of the Government apropos the provision of healthcare to the citizens of the United States is a high compared to the same services in Somalia. That is, the public sector has a high responsibility to ensure payment and subsidizing of hospital bills for its citizens. National health systems of these two countries differ significantly because of public and private sectors involved in the health docket. The Government of the United States plays greater role in healthcare services starting from the provision of healthcare facilities to making relatively cheaper and available healthcare services and providing health insurance cover to all public employees. Andersen, Rice, Kominski (2011) assert that the Government also provides healthcare payments through Medicare and Medicaid to its citizens without favors. The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act of the US enables treatment of patients, who need emergency trea tment by availing funds that cover the costs incurred in such instances. Public sector is the backbone of the United States as an independent country whose values and principles are well established to ensure maximum social  advantage. Private sector also plays a greater role in paying for healthcare compared to the public sector in the United States. On the other hand, both private and public sectors play minor roles in paying for healthcare services and facilities. This is mainly because of the fact that Somali’s government is not politically stable, and this also hampers private investors, which translates to government’s and private sector’s minor role in paying for the healthcare of its citizens. Unlike in Somalia, there is quality service assurance in many healthcare centers in the US, which ensures that proper healthcare procedures provided for the welfare of United States’ citizens. Besides, Capobianco Naidu (2008) opine that Somalia is a poorly developed country, whose healthcare development heavily depends on inter national aids to support the country. The World Health Organization reports that Somalia has high mortality rate with low life expectancy compared to the United States, which is a much more developed nation in the globe. Data also unveils that health system physicians allocated per ten thousand people is reasonably good due to higher literacy level in the United States compared to Somalia. Here, both private and public sectors play a bigger role, whereby the public sector provides enough support to a private sector in various ways. This also explains why there are enough hospital beds available to accommodate a bigger number of patients. The Government of the United States through its intervention ventures into necessary expenses ensures that enough healthcare facilities, such as clinics, are set up in various communities and centers in a bid to reduce the risk of running into shortages. In addition, the Government of the United States in collaboration with the private sector has inexorably endeavored to support one another to pay for the healthcare and improve services in all states. Burden of Illness and Other Health Indices The United States is one of the most developed countries in the world, which means that the country has the potency to provide healthcare facilities and highly competitive healthcare services to its citizens without feeling the pinch. The country has well-developed heath care units that range from clinics that are set up in almost every corner to large hospitals with  relevant and enough healthcare equipment and tools to meet the demand when it arises. In addition, unlike in Somalia, the United States has various research centers that are involved in everyday research in a bid to find medical solutions to everyday problems as far as diseases are concerned. These very research institutes have enough facilities and expertise to undertake numerous studies and develop solutions to various problems. Barton (2010) reiterates that the burden of illness in the United States is not evident due to the high investment in countrys healthcare sector. Various health indices depict the United Sta tes as a nation that can comfortably and without strain provide some free healthcare services and other subsidized services to its citizens. This is however not the case in Somalia due to lack of such institutions and disparity in healthcare service delivery. There are incredibly few healthcare centers in the country, and those few that are available cannot fully serve the whole population. Low mortality rate both among children and among adults, which translates into high life expectancy in the United States, clearly depicts that the burden of illness is insignificant. This is unlike in Somalia where the opposite is true. That is, life expectancy in the United States is 80 years, while it is only 51 years in Somalia. Besides, there is high health coverage in terms of provision of healthcare services that covers almost all diseases that cannot be easily treated in Somalia due to lack of expertise and facilities at the few available healthcare centers in the country. There are more risk factors leading to high mortality rate in Somalia compared with the United States due to poor implementation of policies regarding stepping up health facilities and prevention measures to reduce the number of deaths among the Somali populace. Relationship b etween Payment System and Health Burden There exists a nexus between the payment system and the health burden evident in each of the two countries. That is, the health burden directly related to the payment system of these two nations in the sense that there is a bigger health burden in Somalia due to poor payment system implemented. This significantly contributes to a heavy health burden experience in this country. High mortality rate both among adults and among children as well as low life expectancy coupled with low income per capita and low illiteracy  levels in Somalia are indicators of a huge health burden among country’s populace. According to Capobianco Naidu (2008), poor development in infrastructure and in relevant sectors have utterly crippled countrys potency to provide proper medical care to its citizens despite the availability of resources. Insecurity has also been among the top reasons hampering private investors from setting up for-profit healthcare facilities both in urban and rural areas due to physicians’ fear of loss of their dear lives. Most healthcare practitioners fear for their lives and do not want to work in an insecure environment despite the escalating health issues that are rampant in the nation. On the other hand, developed US also shows pure connection between the existing payment system and the negligible health burden. That is, country is well established healthcare sector has a momentous impact on the insignificant health burden. The Government’s role in the healthcare sector in collaboration with the largely operated private healthcare centers in the country contributed to the reduced health burden due to the efficient payment system. There are also many private healthcare centers, which create stiff competition among themselves, which leads to reduced healthcare prices paid by individuals in a bid to access the services. References Andersen, R. M., Rice, T. H., Kominski, G. F. (2011). Changing the U.S. health care system: Key issues in health services policy and management. New York: John Wiley Sons. Barton, P. L. (2010). Understanding the U.S. health services system. New York: Health Administration Press. Capobianco, E., Naidu, V. (2008). A review of health sector aid financing to Somalia. Washington D.C: World Bank Publications.

Role of Family in Adolescent Development Essay examples -- Sociology,

Adolescence is a significant developmental period for teenagers because of the adaptations they are forced to comply with including physical, emotional, cognitive, and social changes. Adolescents are given various developmental tasks that are often difficult to perform while they are facing stressors such as these changes. One task involves finding one’s self or identity. The adolescent’s identity is a construction of drives, abilities, beliefs, and individual history (Marcia, 1980). In addition to searching for personal identity, it is important for the adolescent to establish autonomy within his/her social context. As their peer interactions change, their family relationships do as well. However, the family context is very important in regard to adolescent development. The relationship quality between adolescents and their families greatly influence their self-esteem, ability to adjust, and relationships with others. Conversely, the relationship quality between adoles cents and their families is often influenced by the number, birth order, and age spacing of siblings within the family. It is crucial that families grasp an understanding of this developmental period to help adolescents adjust through these various changes. This poses the question: What role does family play in adolescent development? It is important to consider the environment in which an adolescent is raised. Parenting styles assist in explaining adolescent behavior. If an adolescent is raised in a safe and secure environment with parents that exhibit authoritative characteristics fostering an open and warm atmosphere, the adolescents are more psychosocially mature and competent (Yeh, 2003). These types of parents balance two very important tasks; they help to p... ... interviewees, there is potential for bias which could significantly skew the data that I collected. Lastly, it would have been more beneficial to interview a sibling of the adolescent. I could have then explored the perspectives from all three roles within the family—the parent, sibling, and adolescent. From my conducted research and interviews, I have concluded that parents act as the most influential force during adolescent development. More research is needed in the field of how siblings play a role in adolescent development. Adolescents exhibit behaviors based on the influences that emerge from the context of the home. This environment incorporates many different factors including the number, age spacing, and birth order of siblings within the family. These factors, along with parenting patterns, serve as a bidirectional relationship in adolescent development.

Nursing Diagnosis, Interventions and Goal Assignment Essay

Select a major medical diagnosis for your patient. Pick two nursing diagnoses and write four (4) pertinent interventions and rationales for each diagnosis. Be sure your interventions are applicable to your assigned patient. Cite your sources in APA format. Print two copies of this page so you can develop two nursing diagnoses. Patient’s Medical Diagnosis: Hypertension Nursing Diagnosis: Deficient Knowledge 1) Intervention: Define and specify the desired blood pressure limits. Describe hypertension and its effect on the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, and brain. Rationale: Provides a basis for understanding blood pressure elevation, and describes commonly used medical terms. Understanding that high blood pressure can occur without symptoms is the center allows patients to continue treatment, even when feeling better. 2) Intervention: Assist patients in identifying the risk factors that can be modified, for example, obesity, a diet high in sodium, saturated fat, and cholesterol, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, alcohol consumption, stress lifestyle. Rationale: Risk factors that have been shown to contribute to hypertension and cardiovascular and renal disease. 3) Intervention: Assess the patient’s motivation to learn. Rationale Provide positive reinforcement. Provide information relevant to situation to prevent overload. Avoid the use of negative reinforcers._ 4) Intervention: Establish priorities in conjunction with client. Rationale: Identify information that needs to be remembered (cognitive). Identify information having to do with emotions, attitudes, and values. Identify psychomotor skills that are necessary for learning. Nursing goal: Patient participation in learning process. Identify intereferences to learning and specific action(s) to deal with them. Verbalize understanding of condition, disease process, and treatment.

Career Goals

Career Goals Passing the GEED can be a challenge for you to advance in your career. Even if you aren't suitable in pursuing long term post-secondary education, your new credential can help you gets access to professional training programs at community colleges and vocational schools. Your GEED transcript can also help you get through the doors with a surplus of new Jobs or advance within your current company. The Job market reports that 96% of employer preference, someone with a high school equivalency retention for eligibility for both hiring and promotion.The Job market will become fertile with opportunity for you. If you're not currently employed, put your new credential on your resume and consider contacting the career services center at the institution at which you took the GEED exam do not solitary you self. Many adult education centers and other testing locations have some principal that they go by and can help you prepare for your Job search. If you're dependent with your cur rent many, ask your boss to meet with you, as peculiar as it may seem.Tell him or her about your recent achievement and find out if it opens up any new opportunities for you within the company. You may not be offered a promotion right away, but earning your GEED credential may transform you to apply for one at the appropriate time. My computer josh

Sparta essays

Sparta essays Sparta was a well known city-state in the low hills of the west bank of the Eurotas River. The Spartan terriotory was made up of the provinces of Laconia and Messenia. In 800bc, Sparta was a monarchy with a limited oligarchy. However, in 725bc, the Spartans were in need of land for their vast growth of people. So, they marched over to the Taygetos mountains and joined all their territory with the Messinians by conquering al their land. The Messenians did not appreciate their loss of independence, so they revolted against the Spartans. Almost in a defeat, the Spartans invented a new political system: they turned their city-state into what amounts to a military state. This in turn made the Spartans known for their brutality, armed camps. Not being able to be destroyed for 300 centuries. The Spartan society was divided into 3 main classes. At the top, the Spartiate, served in the army and was the only class of people who enjoyed the full political and legal rights of the state. The middle class consisted of the perioeci. Theses were foreigners in which did all the trade and commerce of the city-state. Because their jobs were so vital, they were allowed a great amount of freedom. The lowest class consisted of the helots. Near like slaves, who sis all the farm work for their Spartan masters under forced labor. It was up to the council to decide when each child was born whether it would was healthy or not. If decided unhealthy, the babies were left on a hill to die. The healthy boy, was left to live. By the age of seven the child was to be put into military training. By the age of twenty they were to joined the armed forces. At the age of thirty they were to be married. And finally at the age of sixty the men were allowed to retire. The females took up gymanastics and wrestling. They were allowed to own land under their names, to shop to have opinions in the state, but they were not allowe do tbe apart of the council. ...

What Is Puritanism And Deism Religion Essay Essays

What Is Puritanism And Deism Religion Essay Essays What Is Puritanism And Deism Religion Essay Paper What Is Puritanism And Deism Religion Essay Paper In the New England settlements Puritanism was a normally practiced faith. Puritanism began as a subset of Protestantism in England, and finally developed into a belief of a more utmost God and voluntary entry to that God. After Puritanism was established Europe experienced a period called the Age of Enlightenment, where Deism made its first visual aspect in the universe of outstanding European faith. Deism recognizes the being of God but, unlike Puritanism, does non believe that God is present in our lives. Deism and Puritanism were on opposite sides of the spiritual spectrum in the 18th century, yet Benjamin Franklin s autobiography can be seen as a connexion between practising Deism and keeping Puritan values. Franklin was raised as a Puritan and therefor maintained Puritan values from childhood but besides converted to Deism and acquired a Deist s mentality. A critical portion of Puritan faith was acknowledging the presence of God in mundane life. For Puritans faith was non merely something that you believed in, but it was a manner of life. In acknowledging faith as a manner of life Puritans accepted the intercession of God even in the most fiddling state of affairss. For illustration, in Mary Rowlandson s narrative she describes a state of affairs where she had to traverse the river and is humiliated by the Indians express joying at her. Rowlandson says, but in my hurt the Lord gave me truth and goodness ( Rowlandson, 19 ) . Rowlandson believed that God really was present with her and allowed her to acquire through this state of affairs. John Dane s life has many illustrations of this belief in the presence of God. When depicting an history of defying the progresss of a cocotte Dane credits God in giving him the power to decline her ; Here I took no notice of the goodness of God in keeping me, but instead ascribed it to myself ( Dan e, 8 ) . At the clip of the incident Dane believed that he was able to defy the adult female on his ain agreement, but when he looks back on it he sees that God gave him the power to decline. Both Dane and Rowlandson recognize God s changeless presence in their life therefore supplying an first-class position of how Puritans believed that God was ever with them. Divine intercession was a construct that was really popular amongst Puritans and was further cogent evidence that God is present all the clip. Divine intercession was the direct engagement of God in state of affairss on Earth. Puritans believed in Godhead intercession and frequently taken events as Godhead intercession that would otherwise be seen as random or coincidental. Rowlandson and Dane both refer to occasions of Godhead intercession in their narrations and both believe that it greatly improved them as retainers of God. On two separate occasions Dane was stung by a WASP, and Dane considered both events to be godly intercession. In telling the first WASP biting Dane said, if God would hear me, this clip I would reform ( Dane, 9 ) . After non altering his ways Dane is once more annoyed by a WASP and from the 2nd sting he concludes, God had found me out ( Dane, 9 ) . Similar to Dane, Rowlandson besides interprets certain events as Godhead intercession. After Rowlandson was re united with her household she described her gaining control as Godhead intercession because it has allowed her to see a much more barbarous universe so she of all time had before and to appreciate all that she had. She says, It is good for me that I have been afflicted. The Lord hath shewed me the amour propre of these outward things ( Rowlandson, 20 ) . Both histories display how of import Godhead intercession was for the Puritans and how it deeply changed their lives. Puritan virtuousnesss are less utmost than their spiritual positions and really familiar to Americans today. Puritans stressed the importance of instruction, difficult work, and the rejection of material goods. In Puritanism reading the Bible is an indispensable portion of their faith. By being able to read the Bible and construe it each Puritan is able to take redemption. Without this accomplishment Puritans believed that people would non be able to make redemption. This led them to put accent on a good instruction. Hard work was another virtuousness that Puritans found of import. Puritans believed that they were the retainers of God and that God wanted them to work hard in order to be among the saved. Even though the Puritans believed in pre-destination, they were invariably looking for even the slightest hint as to whether or non they were among the saved. Not working hard could be interpreted as being lazy and one of the damned. The last Puritan virtuousness is the importance of rejecting material goods and doing make with what they already had. Rowlandson touches on this when she talks about amour propres saying that they are but a shadow, a blast, a bubble, and things of no continuation ; that we must trust on God himself ( Rowlandson, 20 ) . This rejection of material goods was an of import portion of Puritanism in that it allowed one to accept God and be happy with his presence without seeking more. Puritans acquired these virtuousnesss by reading the Bible and construing it. These three virtuousnesss allowed Puritans to go successful in the eyes of society. In Benjamin Franklin s autobiography he listed 13 virtuousnesss that he believed will take to moral flawlessness. There are a few of Franklin s ethical motives that are really brooding of a Puritan mentality: frugalness, industry, and humbleness. Franklin described frugalness as to do no disbursal but to make good to others or yourself ; i.e. , waste nil ( Franklin, 33 ) . Similar to the Puritans, Franklin valued frugalness and frowned upon blowing money on stuff goods. However, unlike the Puritans, Franklin believed practicing frugalness would better one s sense of being instead than reenforce one s devotedness to God. Franklin s following virtuousness, industry, is purely Puritan-he values his clip and believes that it is of import for others to make the same. This is one virtuousness that both Franklin and the Puritans portion. Franklin s last virtuousness that mirrors the Puritan mentality is humbleness. In Puritan faith being disdainful is frequently considered a negative feat ure because it may do one to believe that he no longer demands nor should be faithful to God. Franklin did non pattern humbleness for the same ground that Puritans did but it should be acknowledged that he valued and practiced the same virtuousness. Through these virtuousnesss Franklin is able to do a connexion between Puritan ideas and Deist ideas. Deists believe that God exists but is absent from mundane life while Puritans believe that God is present in mundane life. He believes in God s absence and does non include him in his virtuousnesss, yet he patterns virtues similar to those valued by Puritans. While the Franklin s virtuousnesss themselves reflect a Puritan mentality his grounds behind them are by and large Deist. In his autobiography, when depicting his effort at moral flawlessness, Franklin says, I was surprised to see myself so much Fuller of mistakes aˆÂ ¦but I had the satisfaction of seeing them diminish ( Franklin, 34 ) . The 2nd half of this quotation mark exemplifies how Franklin wanted to seek to obtain moral flawlessness for himself. The idea of deriving something merely for oneself was an illustration of Franklin s Deist mentality. This construct varies greatly from the Puritan construct of virtuousnesss. The Puritans nonsubjective when endeavoring for moral flawlessness was to delight God, while Franklin s aim was to delight himself. Franklin s nonsubjective reflects his Deist positions. Deists believed that God was non present in human interaction ; this belief would take Franklin to seek to accomplish moral flawlessness for himself instead than for God . Franklin s Deism resulted in him holding a immensely different life style from those of the Puritans in New England. Franklin embraced new scientific developments in his clip where many Puritans would most likely cull scientific theory because they would believe it to be false. Franklin besides believed in a much nicer God so the Puritans believed in. In his extremist booklet Franklin describes God as being, all-wise, all-good, all powerful ( Franklin, 26 ) . Deists engaged in a thought procedures really similar to philosophers. They besides believed that God wanted them to obtain this cognition in scientific discipline and the humanistic disciplines, Franklin provides grounds for this in his autobiography when he says, Conceiving God to be the fountain of wisdom, I thought it right and necessary to beg his aid for obtaining it ( Franklin, 34 ) . While both faiths valued cognition, the Deists believed in obtaining it for themselves and analyzing all subjects, and Puritans believe d in holding it to understand God and to hold the agencies to analyze the Bible in deepness. Franklin s manner of linking Deism and Puritanism reflects people s ability to alter their spiritual orientation but still keep influences from what they originally practiced. This comingling of thoughts and ethical motives allows certain values to go incorporate into a civilization as a whole. Franklin s virtuousnesss are an illustration of this occurrence, his thought procedures resembled one of a Deist but his ethical motives reflected his Puritan upbringing. Puritanism and Deism were wholly different faiths that had opposite thoughts sing the relationship that God has with world. Puritans believed in an angry strict God that was ever present with them while Deist believed in a God that did non hold a relationship with worlds. By looking at Puritan Hagiographas and Franklin s Deist Hagiographas, the differences between the two faiths are really evident. However, similarities in both virtuousnesss and ethical motives can besides be seen between the two groups. The articles show that from a purely spiritual point of view Puritanism and Deism were complete antonyms but were really similar in the ethical motives and virtuousnesss that they valued.

Manage your boss’s schedule like a pro

Manage your boss’s schedule like a pro When you’re a personal assistant, scheduling your boss’ day to run as smoothly as possible is an integral part of your job. A great assistant ensures that the flow of appointments and meetings make sense and leaves enough time to accomplish quality work on all projects.Here are some key strategies for managing two schedules: your bosss and your own.Share a calendar.If youre still maintaining separate work calendars, youre making life unnecessarily complicated. Use a program like Google Calendar to get you and your bosss appointments, meetings, and days off on one shared, living document. There, you both can add, edit, and sync things seamlessly so no events through the cracks. Shell know when youre out for a dentist appointment and wont wonder where you are, and youll know that shes working from home on Friday so you wont schedule any in-person meetings. When you meet with your boss, make sure to ask about the following weeks obligations and update your shared calendar as needed.Leave space every day.Scheduling effectively is not just about making sure every meeting and phone call fits into the day. It’s also about leaving chunks of dedicated time for your boss to do what he or she needs to accomplish- or even what he may have to do. Try not to book anything back-to-back without giving him a breather. Allow her some dedicated work time to actually get things done.Dont double book.Double booking obligations just leads to unnecessary stress and occasional embarrassment for both your boss and you. Don’t do it. If you accidentally say yes to a meeting and find out theres something else slotted for the time, reschedule right away with apologies.Be the weather/traffic person.If your boss has off-site meetings, make sure to map out routes to unfamiliar places. Keep an eye on traffic reports to avoid any unseen delays or catastrophes. Keep an eye on the weather report too, since storms will affect both what your boss wears and how fast sheâ €™s able to get where she needs to go.Keep an eye on the clock.You may have scheduled a meeting to fit within a specific time window, but meetings can easily go over time when people dont stick to an agenda.Be mindful of the clock to ensure that a meeting never runs late or bleeds into the next scheduled task. Don’t let your boss get sidetracked by an overly chatty appointment. Its your job to remind him that he has another appointment or task on the docket.If a particularly important meeting cannot be halted so easily, snap into action to reconfigure the rest of the day. Figure out what other entries on the schedule can be moved around or even canceled to avoid wasting a minute of anyone’s time.Leave time for lunch.Getting the day’s work done may come first on any schedule, but you need to keep your tanks well-fueled to get you and your boss through your busy day. That means leaving some time in the schedule for a proper lunch. Ask your boss at what time of day she prefers to eat, and then block off at least 30 minutes in your shared calendar where she cant be disturbed. Ideally, youll take your lunch break during this same window.Find a system that works for both of you.Make sure you get a sense of how your boss likes to prioritize duties and structure his day. If you ever have a question about which obligation is more important, just ask. Eventually, you’ll develop a shorthand for working with each other that will keep both of you on schedule.

Moral Hazard and the Financial Crisis Research Paper

Moral Hazard and the Financial Crisis - Research Paper Example In the present business phenomenon, moral hazards have emerged as a major issue of concern which needs enthusiastic initiatives to develop awareness among the industry participants. Moral hazards normally occur when people file more claims or stick longer to a particular claim irrespective of the consequences likely to occur due to such perseverance causing massive disruptions to the smooth functioning of the industry operations (Butler and Gardner 1). Contextually, it has often been argued that moral hazards have been one of the fundamental reasons for the recent financial crisis where various operations conducted by the financial institutions were observed to disregard their ethical responsibilities towards the various community groups. As stated by Dowd (1), policy measures adopted by financial institutions practicing free markets were the underlying causes to the financial crisis witnessed in 2008. Based on this context, the paper will intend to discuss the moral issues related w ith the occurrence of the financial crisis in 2008 signifying the importance of ethical concerns when designing and implementing policy measures at a country-level. Theoretical Explanation of Moral Hazards as a Cause of Financial Crisis Moral hazards are said to occur when the interests and rights of one party is compromised for the benefits or interests of the other party(s) engaged in the process In the current day context, critiques often argue that moral hazards have today become a persistent and unavoidable occurrence in the financial system of any country that in turn severely affects the stability of any economy. It is worth mentioning in this context that moral hazards are the apparent consequences of intentional or unintentional ethical misconducts by decision makers associated with the various business dimensions. However, in common instances, unethical behaviors conducted at the organizational level by company executive are scrutinized for the critical assessment of the f inancial and social positioning of a particular brand. Although in the context, ethical misconducts may also occur at country level policies fundamentally those which are directed with the intention to manage industry operations in monetary terms (Nowak and O’Sullivan 147-150). In the country-level assessment, occurrences of moral hazards have often been considered to play a prominent role in financial crisis situations. Historic evidences have also revealed that moral hazards within the policy making dimension have caused serious disruptions in the regular business functioning in a particular economy (Isard 193-200). These evidences can be further assessed from two perspectives, i.e. the social perspective of moral hazards and the economist perspective of moral hazards. From a social perspective, moral hazards are criticized as the fundamental causes of systematic risks in the business context. It is in this context that socialists have often depicted their concern towards t he role played by moral hazards in causing industrial threats for systematic risks which is recognized as an initial

AIR Pollution Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

AIR Pollution - Outline Example The trend in such industrialized countries is therefore a proof of the low socio economic factors prevalent in the countries despite their strong economies as the discussion below portrays. While obesity refers to the increase in body weight, research continues to prove that poor people are more susceptible to obesity than their wealthy counterparts are. Such is a worrying correlation since it proves that large sections of the populations of the developed countries are increasingly becoming poor (Correl,2010). Obesity is a lifestyle complication and therefore arises when people cannot afford appropriate lifestyles. The increase of fast food cafes in such developed economies as the United States and the United Kingdom is an economic factor that does not only point to the rising poverty levels but also makes citizens more vulnerable to obesity. Fast food cafes dispense foods high in fat some of which are never cooked in appropriate conditions. However, the foods are cheap and convenient to most of the people in the countries who spend most of their active hours at work. Such people lack adequate time to exercise thus burn the excess calories they obtain from such foods a feature that heightens their risks of obesity. The rising cost of living in the industrialized economies compels the poor to work hard thus lacking time to exercise and burn the excess calories (Drewnowski, 2013). Despite such, the group continues to rely on fast foods thus increasing their risks of becoming obese. Furthermore, obesity sustains the cycle of poverty in such families since it increases the chances of the people suffering many other diseases, which require adequate funds to manage. Despite such close relationships between poverty and obesity, other researches continue to prove that obesity arises from social factors and is not therefore a proof of the rising poverty levels in such countries. Proper nutrition for example is a cultural problem in the United States a feature that

Controversial Artwork Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Controversial Artwork - Essay Example Chris Ofili’s Holy Virgin Mary caught national attention in 1999 when it was exhibited at the Brooklyn Museum of Art because it portrayed a queer image of a woman incorporating sexually explicit cutouts covered with elephant dung (http://www.your3dsource.com). The title and the artwork itself, enraged the roman Catholic church and political figures who have high regard of the virgin Mary so that the exhibit was put to a halt and petitions were made between the officials and museum, with the latter winning its rights for its opening as well as its funding. With the images included in the picture of a woman who cannot be acceptable as the Virgin Mary, it is considered defamation in the eyes of the religious people. The word ‘holy’ refers to one who is pure and clean, yet the painting mockingly portrayed its subject who was claimed as holy in its title, by surrounding it with things that symbolized filth like the elephant dung and images of buttocks. Art is indeed an expression of one’s self and expressing one’s self is a right to respect however, those who claim this right should also consider the rights of those whom they hurt because of their

Advanced medical-surgical nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Advanced medical-surgical nursing - Essay Example rocedures and equipment, coping with incomplete and rapidly changing medical knowledge, addressing workforce shortages and ensuring appropriate adherence to correct procedures with right nursing attitude. These finer concepts in nursing when applied lead to the identification and establishment of a patients risk management process within the overall ultimate design of a health care process. Such processes are more required at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU)/facilities of any hospital as ICU is one of the most critical services of any hospital and the quality of such critical patients response is important in determining the success of the entire hospital itself. In the following paragraphs we examine the application of the finer concepts of nursing care in three specific areas of nursing the critically ill patient. Areas discussed, with relative analysis are; airway management, sensory imbalance/overload and family communication within the intensive care unit. The discussions in these areas of nursing care become more pertinent if the patient is mechanically ventilated. Both short and long duration airway management in critically ill patients require substantial caution and skills. Right approach which can be termed a model approach is still being evolved in research algorithms. Difficult ventilation has generally been reckoned as a state in which a trained anesthetist experience inability to maintain the oxygen saturation more than 90% using a face mask for ventilation and 100% inspired oxygen, given that the pre-ventilation oxygen saturation level was within the acceptable range.(American,1993) Difficult intubation ,on the other hand, has been reckoned as the need for more than three intubation attempts or attempts at intubations that last more than 10 minutes.(American,1993) Schwartz et al (1995) furnish data that 3% of critically ill patients hospitalized suffer death within 30 minutes of administering emergency intubation, and another 8% of intubation events

1.Discuss whether it can be argued that we all enjoy equal citizenship Essay

1.Discuss whether it can be argued that we all enjoy equal citizenship rights in the UK - Essay Example Citizenship cannot be understood without an active theory of gender relations, and that political citizenship for women destabilizes private male oriented society and the family. Citizenship is about a transition from private to public patriarchy, not only the civilizing of  capitalism. ‘Citizenship’ has become a very popular subject of debate in the last few years, suitable nationally and internationally, by both Left and Right, as well as by feminists. The interest in citizenship is not just in the narrow formalistic meaning of having the right to carry a specific passport. It addresses an overall concept summarizes the relationship between the individual, state and society. [1] In the liberal tradition individual citizens are supposed to have equal status, equal rights and duties, etc., so that principles of inequality deriving from gender, ethnic, class or other contexts are not supposed to be of relevance to the status of citizenship as such. The citizens are therefore constructed not as ‘members of the community’ but as strangers to each other, although they are sharing a complex set of assumptions about and expectations of each other which, when not fulfilled, can be enforced by the state. [1] This self of one has been criticized, however, by the ‘communitarians’ who claim that notions of rights and duties, as well as those of equality and privacy, have no meaning outside the context of particular communities are there with their views. On different grounds, the proponents of republicanism and the individualistic construction of citizenship is highly disappointing. They argue that such a construction of citizenship denies the possibility of citizenship as constituting a membership in a moral community in which the notion of the common good is antecedent to the individual citizenship choice. Liberal construction of citizenship assumes the priority of right over good. Republicanism, on the

Advanced medical-surgical nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Advanced medical-surgical nursing - Essay Example rocedures and equipment, coping with incomplete and rapidly changing medical knowledge, addressing workforce shortages and ensuring appropriate adherence to correct procedures with right nursing attitude. These finer concepts in nursing when applied lead to the identification and establishment of a patients risk management process within the overall ultimate design of a health care process. Such processes are more required at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU)/facilities of any hospital as ICU is one of the most critical services of any hospital and the quality of such critical patients response is important in determining the success of the entire hospital itself. In the following paragraphs we examine the application of the finer concepts of nursing care in three specific areas of nursing the critically ill patient. Areas discussed, with relative analysis are; airway management, sensory imbalance/overload and family communication within the intensive care unit. The discussions in these areas of nursing care become more pertinent if the patient is mechanically ventilated. Both short and long duration airway management in critically ill patients require substantial caution and skills. Right approach which can be termed a model approach is still being evolved in research algorithms. Difficult ventilation has generally been reckoned as a state in which a trained anesthetist experience inability to maintain the oxygen saturation more than 90% using a face mask for ventilation and 100% inspired oxygen, given that the pre-ventilation oxygen saturation level was within the acceptable range.(American,1993) Difficult intubation ,on the other hand, has been reckoned as the need for more than three intubation attempts or attempts at intubations that last more than 10 minutes.(American,1993) Schwartz et al (1995) furnish data that 3% of critically ill patients hospitalized suffer death within 30 minutes of administering emergency intubation, and another 8% of intubation events

The Contemporary American Dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Contemporary American Dream - Essay Example The development of suburbia ‘starts’ with a farewell to Rosie Riveter as transition from World War II to the suburbs of the 1950s. The female factory worker needed to be sucked back into the home to make way in the factories for the returning soldiers. This is brilliantly portrayed through the innovation of the television set, which played a large role in reinforcing to women the concept that their proper roles were those of wife and mother. Rosie is sucked into the screen, losing her wrench while the well-manicured lawns and white orderly house fronts of the suburbs can be seen below her as she is overwhelmed by the messages of TV advertisements and popular shows such as Leave it to Beaver. To be sure this point isn’t lost by the mural viewer, the stereotypical white suburban family can be seen standing behind the television. The rows of suburban houses are divided in the middle by a column of moving trucks, presumably bringing more blonde, blue-eyed suburban per fect families away from the distant city to the white-washed neighborhoods. Finally, a deep ditch separates these perfect neighborhoods from the poor, rural black people that pass by heading in the opposite direction in broken down cars and on bare feet heading into the city. They are allowed to look, but not to stop or stay. While the American Dream is being defined for and realized by the white people, the only hope of achieving it for the black people is to head into the inner city slums in the hopes of finding work.

Locke, Berkeley & Hume Essay Example for Free

Locke, Berkeley Hume Essay Enlightenment began with an unparalleled confidence in human reason. The new sciences success in making clear the natural world through Locke, Berkeley, and Hume affected the efforts of philosophy in two ways. The first is by locating the basis of human knowledge in the human mind and its encounter with the physical world. Second is by directing philosophys attention to an analysis of the mind that was capable of such cognitive success. John Locke set the tone for enlightenment by affirming the foundational principle of empiricism: There is nothing in the intellect that was not previously in the senses. Locke could not accept the Cartesian rationalist belief in innate ideas. According to Locke, all knowledge of the world must ultimately rest on mans sensory experience. The mind arrives at sound conclusions through reflection after sensation. In other words the mind combines and compounds sensory impressions or ideas into more complex concepts building its conceptual understanding. There was skepticism in the empiricist position mainly from the rationalist orientation. Locke recognized there was no guarantee that all human ideas of things genuinely resembled the external objects they were suppose to represent. He also realized he could not reduce all complex ideas, such as substance, to sensations. He did know there were three factors in the process of human knowledge: the mind, the physical object, and the perception or idea in the mind that represents that object. Locke, however, attempted a partial solution to such problems. He did this by making the distinction between primary and secondary qualities. Primary qualities produce ideas that are simply consequences of the subjects perceptual apparatus. With focusing on the Primary qualities it is thought that science can gain reliable knowledge of the material world. Locke fought off skepticism with the argument that in the end both types of qualities must be regarded as experiences of the mind. Lockes Doctrine of Representation was therefore undefendable. According to Berkleys analysis all human experience is phenomenal, limited to appearances in the mind. Ones perception of nature is ones mental experience of nature, making all sense data objects for the mind and not representations of material substances. In effect while Locke had reduced all mental contents to an ultimate basis in sensation, Berkeley now further reduced all sense data to mental contents. The distinction, by Locke, between qualities that belong to the mind and qualities that belong to matter could not be sustained. Berkeley sought to overcome the contemporary tendency toward atheistic Materialism which he felt arose without just cause with modern science. The empiricist correctly aims that all knowledge rests on experience. In the end, however, Berkeley pointed out that experience is nothing more than experience. All representations, mentally, of supposed substances, materially, are as a final result ideas in the mind presuming that the existence of a material world external to the mind as an unwarranted assumption. The idea is that to be does not mean to be a material substance; rather to be means to be perceived by a mind. Through this Berkeley held that the individual mind does not subjectively determine its experience of the world. The reason that different individuals continually percieve a similar world and that a reliable order inheres in that world is that the world and its order depend on a mind that transcends individual minds and is universal (Gods mind). The universal mind produces sensory ideas in individual minds according to certain regularities such as the laws of nature. Berkeley strived to preserve the empiricist orientation and solve Lockes representation problems, while also preserving a spiritual foundation for human experience. Just as Berkeley followed Locke, so did David Hume of Berkeley. Hume drove the empiricist epistemological critique to its final extreme by using Berkeleys insight only turning it in a direction more characteristic of the modern mind. Being an empiricist who grounded all human knowledge in sense experience, Hume agreed with Lockes general idea, and too with Berkeleys criticism of Lockes theory of representation, but disagreed with Berkeleys idealist solution. Behind Humes analysis is this thought: Human experience was indeed of the phenomenal only, of sense impressions, but there was no way to ascertain what was beyond the sense impressions, spiritual or otherwise. To start his analysis, Hume distinguished between sensory impressions and ideas. Sensory impressions being the basis of any knowledge coming with a force of liveliness and ideas being faint copies of those impressions. The question is then asked, What causes the sensory impression? Hume answered None. If the mind analyzes its experience without preconception, it must recognize that in fact all its supposed knowledge is based on a continuous chaotic volley of discrete sensations, and that on these sensations the mind imposes an order of its own. The mind cant really know what causes the sensations because it never experiences cause as a sensation. What the mind does experience is simple impressions, through an association of ideas the mind assumes a causal relation that really has no basis in a sensory impression. Man can not assume to know what exists beyond the impressions in his mind that his knowledge is based on. Part of Humes intention was to disprove the metaphysical claims of philosophical rationalism and its deductive logic. According to Hume, two kinds of propositions are possible. One view is based purely on sensation while the other purely on intellect. Propositions based on sensation are always with matters of concrete fact that can also be contingent. It is raining outside is a proposition based on sensation because it is concrete in that it is in fact raining out and contingent in the fact that it could be different outside like sunny, but it is not. In contrast to that a proposition based on intellect concerns relations between concepts that are always necessary like all squares have four equal sides. But the truths of pure reason are necessary only because they exist in a self contained system with no mandatory reference to the external world. Only logical definition makes them true by making explicit what is implicit in their own terms, and these can claim no necessary relation to the nature of things. So, the only truths of which pure reason is capable are redundant. Truth cannot be asserted by reason alone for the ultimate nature of things. For Hume, metaphysics was just an exalted form of mythology, of no relevance to the real world. A more disturbing consequence of Humes analysis was its undermining of empirical science itself. The minds logical progress from many particulars to a universal certainty could never be absolutely legitimated. Just because event B has always been seen to follow event A in the past, that does not mean it will always do so in the future. Any acceptance of that law is only an ingrained psychological persuasion, not a logical certainty. The causal necessity that is apparent in phenomena is the necessity only of conviction subjectively, of human imagination controlled by its regular association of ideas. It has no objective basis. The regularity of events can be perceived, however, there necessity can not. The result is nothing more than a subjective feeling brought on by the experience of apparent regularity. Science is possible, but of the phenomenal only, determined by human psychology. With Hume, the festering empiricist stress on sense perception was brought to its ultimate extreme, in which only the volley and chaos of those perceptions exist, and any order imposed on those perceptions was arbitrary, human, and without objective foundation. For Hume all human knowledge had to be regarded as opinion and he held that ideas were faint copies of sensory impressions instead of vice versa. Not only was the human mind less than perfect, it could never claim access to the worlds order, which could not be said to exist apart from the mind. Locke had retained a certain faith in the capacity of the human mind to grasp, however imperfectly, the general outlines of an external world by means of combining operations. With Berkeley, there had been no necessary material basis for experience, though the mind had retained a certain independent spiritual power derived from Gods mind, and the world experienced by the mind derived its order from the same source. Word Count: 1374.

Total Quality Management (TQM)

Total Quality Management (TQM) Total Quality Management (TQM) is a strategy that embodies the belief that the management process must focus on integrating the customer – driven quality throughout an organisation (Stah, 2002). It stresses continuous improvement of product quality and service delivery while taking into cognisance the reality that in order to achieve this goal, employee relations needs to be equally addressed, as the customer cannot get the satisfactory service delivery from ill- motivated employees (Lewis, 2004) The philosophy underlying the implementation of a TQM strategy is to see organisational customers and clients as the vital key to organisational success. Organisations with TQM strategy see their business through the eyes of their customers and clients and then measure their organisations performance against customer/client expectations (Fran, 2002). It therefore follows that organisations that want to be successful with the implementation of TQM strategy must evaluate its operations through the eyes of its customers b y strengthening and exploring all avenues including the people (employees)that make up the organisational structure(Stah,2002). According to Balogun and Hope-Hailey (2008), strategy should be seen as a system/process, that should be able to engender in the employees a culture of total commitment to the vision and mission of the organisation, and thus, a functional strategy that embodies the collective contribution of various components that make up the organisational hierarchy should be such that compliment each other in the implementation of a strategy. For a strategy to accomplish the desired goals and objectives of an organisation, effective strategy implementation mechanisms should be put in place and one of the most potent ways for achieving this is by exploiting the internal capabilities of the organisation in the form of its employees as a veritable asset while encompassing various HRM initiatives, such as recruitment and selection, training and development, reward systems, performance appraisal , the need for enhanced employee voice systems , employee engagement and greater line manager involvement wi th management ,because they should be seen as a bridge between the employees and management for enhanced psychological contract, which will in turn facilitate greater employee commitment (Murphy et al, 2001). Quality products or services need not only to conform to consumers requirements; the product/service must be acceptable. Effective TQM strategy entails that the product/service must go beyond acceptability for a given price range. For example, rather leaving customers/clients satisfied that nothing went wrong with the product or service, a product/service should give the customers/clients some delightful surprises, or provide unexpected benefits (Collard, 2001). This means, therefore, that product/service quality assurance requires more than just meeting customers/clients minimum standards. The level of product quality is the degree, to which a product/service is equal to or greater than customers/clients expectations, That is LPQ > CE Where LPQ = Level of Product Quality, and CE = customer/client expectation. Thus, for organisations who desire to have TQM strategy in place and make it work effectively, should as a matter of principle endeavour to be positively disposed to the idea of quality management philosophy in their organisation. According to Haigh and Morris (2002), quality management is an ingredient towards adequate quality delivery to customers .Quality management involves: management systems, delivery, quality, cost, technology and of course the employees, because according to Donaldson, (2001), no matter how perfect a strategy might be, it depends on people for implementation. All these various components of quality management when effectively harnessed will result in customer satisfaction; where the intention is not to stop at a point in the process of implementation, but rather a continuous improvement of the mechanism for a sustainable competitive advantage (SCA), through the use of employees as organisations effective internal assets for a successful implementation (Haigh and Morris, 2002).This can be further understood with the diagram below   FIGURE 1: COMPONENTS OF QUALITY IMPROVEMENT (HAIGH AND MORRIS,2002) People Dedication and commitment from the employees, by means of well established voice systems and employee engagement. Adequate tools to do the work effectively and efficiently, an enabling environment, and training. Team approach to management policies and procedures for strategic implementation. Quality No compromise alternative when aiming at quality because the outcome will definitely tell , ‘the customer knows it when he sees it’ Delivery Customers should be able to receive products/service, when they want it. Management systems Understanding variation and effective development of human resource capacity utilisation. Constancy of purpose and direction Preventing error margin rather than detecting errors in quality delivery Pride of workmanship Problem solving Technology This involves research and continuous development in terms of product/service design. Up to date with contemporary manufacturing and service capabilities. Cost Efficient and competitive production system for good products/services Continuous cost improvement for the benefit of the customers (customer loyalty) as well as other associated costs like overhead costs associated with running the organisation. Thus, from the foregoing, a number of issues can be associated with the implementation of an effective TQM strategy, but as stated by Stanford, (2005) succour lies in the ability of managers to adhere to these under mentioned twelve elements: Quality awareness Effective management leadership style Organising for quality improvement Creating a participative environment by means of employee involvement and participation and employee engagement. Problem prevention and solving. Training for quality improvement Involvement of every function(e.g. front line leaders) at levels Customer (employees as internal customers) and supplier involvement within and around the organisation. Measurement of Quality performance Continuous appraisal of measurement system for sustainability. Recognition for achievement/excellence. Continuous improvement. Although all these twelve elements may seem too tasking at the beginning, a committed manager will appreciate how mutually important and inter-related all these elements and their recognition is vital for a successful implementation of TQM strategy. Various proponents of TQM strategy see it from different angles, right from the early works of Crosby(1979,1984,1989), Deming(1986,1994), Feigenbaum(1991), Juran(1988), Juran and Gryna(1993)and Ishikawa(1985), but central to their beliefs and working methods, is providing quality delivery through people .TQM begins with education and ends with education, and so crucial is the role of the employee in seeing to its successful implementation, because, when employees are aware of what is required of them in the process through effective voice system and engagement, they become highly motivated and committed to its actualization, (Dale, 1994). TQM should go farther than production operations/activities and involve every employee in the organisation. More often than not, companies that have failed in the implementation of TQM strategy fail not because they desire to fail in strategy implementation but rather, because of the emphasis laid at the door step of the ‘hard’ aspect o f the organisation such as costs and production performance, thus living little or no significant room for the ‘soft’ people centred values of an organisation which encompasses employee involvement, participation, commitment and engagement (Slerming, 2007). For TQM to be effective, managers have to take into proper perspective the relevance of the workforce that make up the organisational structure, as no organisation exists to carry out business operations/activities without employees (Carol et al.2006). People are the effective tools management can readily use in transforming /implementing strategic choices(Edwards, 2005) and as Guest (1987) puts it â€Å"because they are the most variable, and the least easy to understand and control of all management resources, effective utilisation of human resources is likely to give organisations a significant competitive advantage. The human resources dimension must therefore be fully integrated into the strategic planning process†. The above quote by Guest (1987) is aptly correct and relevant, if organisations are to attain the goals and objectives required of them, so as to justify the huge financial commitment by owners of business like the investors (shareholders) and even joint stakeholders in the operations of the business, for example the suppliers, regulators, customers, employees and communities they operate, because apart from justifying what is expected of them, TQM as a strategy allows and build in the employees the following: A decentralisation of decision-making responsibility to well trained problem solving labour force, that is , it provides an avenue for the employees of an organisation to participate in decision- making about how the business operates, and this can further improve relationships, develop trust and confidence as well as facilitate co-operative activity (Druker, 2008). Methodologically improving the quality of all organisational processes and strategies from an internal and external customer perspective, because with TQM, it helps with building collective responsibility, aid personal development and build confidence, develop problem solving skills and also facilitate employees awareness of quality improvement potential, leading to behavioural and attitudinal changes(Farnham, 2000). A combined emphasis on both incremental continuous total quality improvement and break through strategies, because TQM as a strategy encourages the employees to improve operating effectiveness as employees work in a common direction and thus, foster a change in management style and culture(Fullan,2003). A reasonable focus on the customer, both in setting strategic objectives and in building organisational routines that link as many units and levels in the firms as possible to identifying and meeting customer needs, wants, desires and expectations, and this can only be achievable with the enhancement of employees morale within and around the organisation ,(Simons, 2000). A linkage of reward and measurement systems, both formal and informal, to support these new directions, because TQM builds in the employee the ability to solve problems to be able to align his/her personal needs, wants and desires with that of the organisation (Green et al, 2003). TQM AND EMPLOYEES: THE USE OF HRM PRACTICES AND INITIATIVES Every employee in an organisation should contribute reasonably to quality improvement and satisfaction of customers’/clients’ needs and wants (Collard, 2001). For organisations that practice TQM strategy, the manufacturing department orientation, for example, towards lowest-cost productivity should synchronise with the marketing commitment to market quality products at acceptable prices. The idea that quality improvement is every employees responsibility should permeate throughout the organisation, so that advertising, human resource, order-processing, production, delivery, and other organic functional areas of the organisations’ business will be in harmony. This will eliminate or reduce the problem of sub-optimisation associated with departmental excellence at the detriment of organisational excellence (Aluko et al, 2000). The idea should be top-down and bottom-up approach policy by management so as to allow for open line of communication within employees and between management. One way of achieving this, is by means of HRM practices and initiatives in the implementation of the strategy through training, learning and continuous development of the employee, recruitment and selection, reward system, succession planning and engendering employee voice culture, where they will be allowed to air their opinion on ways of moving the organisation forward for better growth and development (Lewis, 2004),because according to Murphy et al,( 2001), an engaged employee is the satisfied employee ,and a satisfied employee, is happy and able to deliver and meet set targets. Professional development is particularly crucial for employees of any modern organisation that aims to be competitive in business, by satisfying the customers through quality delivery of products and services (Kremetik, 2004). Practices and initiativ es of HRM is by no means, an invaluable instrument in achieving a successful implementation of TQM strategy. In order to be abreast with the current trends in the ever dynamic business environment, it is pertinent that organisations invest in their workforce who will see to the implementation of TQM as a strategy that allow employees the opportunity to be aware of new trends and development in their fields (Collinson et al, 2003). Purcell et al. (2003) research, established the link between people and organizational performance. According to Purcell et al. (2003), by providing employees with the necessary training, their skill and motivation levels will increase, thus leading to enhanced performance within the organization. There is the need for line managers to be actively involved and committed to the development of employees, to enhance a strategic development, say in the area of training, learning and development (TLD) Garavan (2007). This is because, line managers are better placed to understand the needs of both organizations and employees, so, it is ideal for line managers to have greater involvement, by aligning individual needs to organizational needs, so as to ensure that TLD is more strategic, helping to encourage vertical integration (Kremetik, 2004). For organizations to fulfill their vision and mission, front line leaders have to ensure that employees are clear about their roles and how it fits w ith the overall organizational objective. This can be done by reinforcing the concept of the golden thread, Martin and Jackson, (2005) ensuring the strategic link is maintained. According to Morgan, (2000), organizations have to take into cognisance, the employee aspect of the enterprise, because, they enable it to thrive financially, through the services that they render. Hence, there is the need for open line of communication, at all levels within the organisation. For TQM to take firm root in an organization as a strategy that can contribute to improving performance of an organization through quality delivery of products and services, it has to be backed up with Ability, Motivation and Opportunity(AMO) as postulated by Purcell et al,2003; because when employees are equipped with the skills and knowledge to do their jobs, the result is commitment and discretionary behaviour which are necessary ingredients to achieve high performance and turn skills into effective action. TQM strategy can be enhanced when using the AMO model (Purcell et al. 2003) and here, employees must have the ability, opportunity and motivation required to enable them do their work effectively and efficiently. However it relies heavily on the role of line managers, and in this case, since line managers are responsible for people management, they have to get more involved with their employees’ development and provide them with the three important aspects of the AMO model. Trust and confidence, resulting from psychological contract are ingredients that are needed for a greater involvement of employees in the implementation of TQM processes. FIGURE 2 People and Performance Model (Purcell et al., 2003) From the diagram above, it highlights some of the main domains of HRM practice which are in the areas of training and development, performance appraisal, recruitment and selection amongst others. The link between these domains, when harmonized, will ultimately result in better optimization of human resources (employees) in an organisation. When the employees are given the necessary motivation and skills which they will acquire through the training and management development programmes by management of organisations, the staff will in turn be motivated and committed to give in their utmost best while seizing every opportunity to demonstrate to the management as well as customers of the organisation that a strategy that is people oriented and participative to employees will promote growth and development in an organization, Purcell et al.,(2003),this of course will only be possible with effective collaboration with a functional line management. What this model tend to demonstrate, is t hat teamwork, opportunity to participate, pay satisfaction, open communication between management and employees, enhanced career development will give the employees a sense of organisational commitment, well motivated staff strength and job satisfaction which ultimately will lead to greater performance outcomes and effective human resources capacity utilization(Grant, 2008)..Organizations that allow their employees to practice their profession to the point of attaining the highest position available in the organization, will certainly get the best out of their employees, knowing fully well that climbing up to the highest position in terms of hierarchy will not be compromised as this practice is also embedded in TQM strategy (Donaldson, 2001).The psychological contract is the bond existing between the employer and the employees; it says much about the trust and cordiality that exist between both parties i.e. the employer on one hand and the employee at the other side (Druker, 2008).T he psychological contract â€Å"both fill the perceptual gaps in the employment relationship and shapes day-to-day employee behaviour in ways that cannot necessarily be discerned from a written contract†, (Rousseau and Ho 2000 pp 476). According to Gyelan and Waldman, (2005), embedded in psychological contract is the inevitable reward of use of discretionary behaviour by the employees. Confidence building and trust in the management by the employees will bring about this development, in order for the workforce of an organization to be whole heartedly involved in the day to day operations of an organization. It is only in an atmosphere of camaraderie that trust and confidence can be established, Geary,( 2003); thus, for organizations to succeed with the implementation of TQM strategy, HRM practices and initiatives, that allow for an atmosphere of psychological contract to be entrenched in its body of policies, should be allowed to flourish, so as to facilitate the linkage between psychological contract and the use of discretionary behaviour.An employee that is allowed freedom of choice in using his/her discretionary behaviour as encouraged by the implementation of TQM by seeing the employee as the internal customer, and not necessarily adhering to all rules as directed by management hook-line and sinker, will definitely give his/her best to an organization, because the phobia of high handedness which inevitably leads to human resource capacity under utilization of employees and poor performance from above management when eliminated, will allow for greater performance from employees, Gran t,( 2008) and thus, the idea behind AMO(Ability, Motivation and Opportunity) as postulated by Purcell et al.,(2003) would have been achieved, because, within the AMO model lies the desire to see employees not being bossed into a tight corner of having to implement all that management of organisations have to say to their employees but having the freedom to exercise their innate knowledge, which of course can only be demonstrated and made manifest, when given the necessarily opportunity and motivation to do so. THE ROLE OF QUALITY IMPROVEMENT TEAMS IN TQM STRATEGY One of the major obstacles that have bedeviled the successful implementation of TQM is the non – recognition of quality teams in organizations in the quest for a successful strategy that will lift the organization above its competitors (Stanford, 2005). Team effectiveness is crucial to the implementation of TQM because the development of people and their involvement in the operations of an organization through teamwork is very essential ,and for it not to be seen as such ,will only ruin the collective effort of inputs towards the actualization of a functional quality delivery strategy like the TQM(Lewis,2004) Quality improvement teams cuts across employees of organizations, representatives of customers and suppliers with a major objective of meeting the set target of achieving quality. In doing this, it is pertinent to note that certain criteria have to be fulfilled in order to get the desired result from a quality improvement team, since it embraces almost all the stakeholders that lay claim to a business, and these criteria, according to Geirhybein (2004) include choosing the leader and members of the team. In doing this, the team leader must: ââ€"  Possess effective Leadership Behaviour ââ€"  Possess the attributes of effective conflict management ââ€"  Should have the ability of encouraging innovation ââ€"  Have adequate knowledge of effective meeting management ââ€"  Manage and send out schedule of events and activities. ââ€"  Make certain that the team members are conversant with the modus operandi of team meetings/activities. ââ€"  Endeavour to make certain that meeting venues are secured well ahead of time. ââ€"  Engage in meeting with front line managers on favourable times for team meetings. ââ€"  Should be prompt and alert to time. ââ€"  Ability to record activities of team meetings in minutes as well as collation of data. ââ€"  Sets an agreed time for the next meeting as well as communicates minutes and ensure that action is taken for matters raised. ââ€"  Ability to identify training needs of the quality team in addition to be a good contributor and listener, and this can be achieved by being dedicated to the intended purpose of the team through effective commitment. Similarly, Geirhybein (2004) suggested what members need to have in order to be effective in quality delivery teams: ââ€"  Members must be willing, not forced or coerced to join a quality team for the fun of it. ââ€"  Members need to be passionate about what the quality team sets out to achieve at all times as the direct result of such commitment is the outright benefit of quality service. ââ€"  Members should be prepared to share their experiences with the team leader as well as among themselves, for the overall benefit of the team. ââ€"  Members should be able to buy into shared team vision ââ€" Present in the members should be the spirit of natural collaboration ââ€" Need to respect the views of other members when they speak, listen to them when they have issues to raise as well as, be able to communicate effectively with both the team leader and members. ââ€"  Members should equally be ready to take down minutes at the request of the team leader, be prepared to follow up actions when directed and never be afraid to say ‘I don’t understand’ when situations arise . ââ€"  Members need also to be able to contribute meaningfully to discussions on the floor during meetings as well as being effective listeners. Quality improvement initiatives AMO(Ability, Motivation and Opportunity) as exemplified in the work of Purcell et al.( 2003) can serve as a leverage for the implementation of a TQM system. can be strengthened by the basic application of principles of motivation, especially the the recognition of team achievements as against those of individual employees, for team efforts, are crucial in driving the process of TQM. The HRM department is in a vantage (Fran, (2002). INSTITUTING TQM CULTURE IN ORGANISATIONS: EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT People can be better managed to embrace TQM by institutionalizing TQM organizational culture in the employees, so as to be able to deliver quality products and services to customers, Collinson et al, (2003). Human resource management can play a crucial role in the implementation of TQM strategy. HR managers or practitioners are responsible for recruiting and selecting high-quality employees, the continuous training and development of these employees, and the creation and sustenance of reward systems. Therefore, TQM sees to the control of processes that are pivotal to the accomplishment of cultural changes often required for TQM to be successfully implemented, Haigh and Morris, (2002). Directing the TQM cultural development initiatives to the organisations’ conditions is important in subduing opposition According to De Wit and Mayers, (2005),. Engendering trust and confidence through an open interchange of purposeful ideas can help eliminate. This can provide the building block for all employees to be trained to see their colleagues in other divisions as equal internal customers to the organisation. This is another avenue for HRM to highlight this new outlook by example. Through this means, that is, focusing on satisfying the needs and wants of the customer first and foremost, HRM can institute A major function of HRM’s expertise is its capability to scrutinize and provide assessment for employee attitudes. This expertise can be significantly essential in driving the process for a proper implementation of TQM, since getting it right from the onset (conceptualization stage) entails having adequate data/information about current performance level. Therefore, a preliminary action is to implement an employee assessment, targeting two prime areas. One requires the identification o f the difficult parts of organizations’ current operations, where innovations in quality can have the most significant impact on an organizations’ performance level. The other part, targets the perceptions and attitudes of employees towards quality as a fundamental issue, so as to ensure that, the implementation of TQM can be revitalized, for better effectiveness and efficiency, Collinson et al.,( 2003). Achieving assistance from other divisions in an organization in the use of surveys to a great extent depends largely on their perception of HRMs position ensure that HRM is not having an over bearing influence on other departmental functions, but rather, to be seen as an important ally in making their own quality improvements. Achieving this status, can be accomplished in the participative nature of the TQM philosophy by involving other divisions in the organization, towards the development of the survey instrument to be used. This involvement begins the process of carrying each division in the organization along, so as to see TQM as a strategy to be embraced by all employees of an organization (Haigh and Morris, 2002). REFERENCES Aluko, O.,Gbadamosi, I., Osuagwu, L., (2000) Business Policy and Strategy, Lagos, Remof Themes Publishers Antonioni, T., (2004) The Bounaryless Organisation: Breaking the Chain of Organisational Structure, London, Pitman Publishing. Balogun, J. and Hope-Hailey,V., (2008) Exploring Strategic Change, 3rd edition, Harlow, Pearson Education Limited. Campbell, H., N., (2006) Management Theory and Total Quality: Improving Research and Practice Through Theory Development, New York, Free Press. Cardy ,G., (2006) Employee involvement as a Pre-requisite to Reduce Worker’s Compensation Costs, Review of Business, Vol.23, No.2, pp12 – 16 Cardy,G. and Dobbins, L., S., (2004) Corporate Management, Governance, and Ethics Best Practices, Human Resource Management, Vol.32, pp 283 – 297 Carol. L. McWilliam,M Catherine, W., (2006) Implementing organizational change in health and social services , Journal of Organizational Change ManagementVol.19, Issue 2 pp119 – 135,available online atwww.sciencedirect.com, accessed 8, June, 2009 Collard, R., C.,(2001) Total Quality: Success Through People, London, 1PM Collinson, H., Work Motivation, London, Sage. Collinson,M., Edwards, P. and Rees, C.,(2003) Involving Employees in Total Quality Management, London, Department of Trade and Industry, available online at www.sciencedirect.com, accessed 10, June, 2009 Dale, B.,G., (1994) Managing Quality, 2nd edition, London, Prentice Hall Davies, M., B., (2007) Key Concepts in Social Research Methods, New York, Palgrave, Macmillan LTD De wit, K. and Mayers, J., S., (2005) Contemporary Strategy Analysis, 4th edition, London, Routledge Donaldson, (2001) The Contingency Theory of Organisations, London, Sage Druker, J., (2008) ‘Wages System’, in White, G. and Druker, J. (eds) Reward Management: A Critical text, 2nd edition, London, Routledge. Edwards, M.R., (2005) ‘Employer and Employee branding: HR or PR?’ in S .Bach (ed.) Managing Human Resources: Personnel Management in Transition, Malden, Blackwell. Farnham, D., (20

Teams - Making Them Work For You Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Cour

Teams Making Them Work For You The organisational organ known as the team is becoming more and more apparent in today's dynamic business world. Increasingly managers are searching for a means to improve production and keep their organisation competitive in the global market. A lot of these managers have turned to the team as a means for achieving this improvement. Quality circles were looked at to fulfil this role. However, this form of team is being phased out and may have posed as incubator for the current trend; self - managed work teams (Klein, 1995). These teams are increasingly being looked at today to solve many an organisation's production problems and inefficiencies, and in the process are both badly failing and greatly succeeding. Therefore, the discussion of teams is a very important contemporary management issue to address. Managers should be aware of such a concept and learn about it so as a means to further their organisation and for when the time comes to implement a team they are armed with enough knowledge to implement the team properly. As with many management trends or processes, they are often labeled, producing a huge list of "buzzwords", like total quality management, just in time management, management by objectives, downsizing, rightsizing, etc. The organisational team also pulls a long chain of "buzzwords"; workgroup, work team, project team, project group, task force, committees and so on and so on. What these terms basically refer to is a "collection of two or more individuals who interact with each other, share common beliefs, and perceive themselves as being in a group." (Vecchio, Hearn, Southey, 1996:846). This is a very basic interpretation of a team and which can be expanded upon. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company defines a team more specifically as "a group of people with specific roles and responsibilities, organised to work together toward common goals or objectives, in which each member depends on others to carry out responsibilities to reach those goals and objectives." (1986, cited in Denton, 1992:87). The implementation and operation of a team can either be a great success or a costly failure, both money wise and time wise. Many companies have benefited from teams, as Dumaine (1994) points out, "when teams work, there's nothing like them for turbocharging productivity." There are many examples of success... ...close to the problem, they also may be more capable of identifying the most viable solutions. And as authors of the solutions, they have a vested interest in their success. Even without a role in developing solutions, staffs are critical to implementation," (Magee, 1997:26). Bibliography: Denton, D.K. (1992). Building a team. Quality Progress, October, 87 - 91. Dewar, D. (1999). 13 keys to successful teamwork. Workforce, 78 (2), W3. Dumaine, B. (1994). The trouble with teams. Fortune, 130 (5), 86 - 90. Kezsbom, D.S. (1995). Making a team work: techniques for building successful cross - functional teams. Industrial Engineering, January, 39 - 41. Klein, S. (1995). Teams under stress: the effects of work pressures and management action. IIE Solutions, May, 34 - 38. Magee, Y.S. (1997). Teams: avoiding the pitfalls. Public Management, 79 (7), 26 - 28. McGarvey, R. (1996). Joining forces: 12 steps to creating winning teams. Entrepreneur, 24 (9), 80 - 82. Taraschi R. (1998). Cutting the ties that bind. Training and Development, 52 (11), 12 - 14. Vecchio, R.P., Hearn, G., & Southey G. (1996). Organisational behaviour. 2nd edition. Marrickville: Harcourt Brace.

Race and Crime in America Essay

How do people from different entities in the United States perceive race as it relates to the criminal justice system? This was the question asked to ten different people in different locations of the United States. In additional to this question a different group of participants were asked if they believe that the criminal justice system is racist? In this paper I propose that most people in the United States have a very negative perception about the criminal justice and its promises. I concluded this based on face to face interviews I did with participants and through electronic responses. Regardless of their race, values, beliefs, social class, gender and age all the participants of my research paper agree on that there is a connection between race and crime in America. To some the criminal justice system is not as blind as it is perceived to be. Some of the participants have little understanding of the law system and its different components. Some not fully competent to be subject matter experts to determine if crime and race connect however, they all have the same generalization about the law, law enforcement and law discrimination. The public receives much of their impressions and knowledge of the criminal justice system through the mass media. Top-rated television programs, such as Cable News Network (CNN) are delivering news on crime on an everyday basis. What people actually know, or think they know, about the criminal justice system can sometimes be interpreted as a form of ignorance of what is known to be mandatory knowledge in order to be law-abiding citizens in any society. As nonchalant some things may sound the public relies on the media to feed them the lasted and most accurate news, but this is not always true. In today’s American society, race and crime go hand in hand. Day after day there is news reports about people of various racial backgrounds involved in criminal activities ranging in different p arts of the country. In the world today we face many different problems. Issues that throughout  the years have been improved but never resolved. Throughout the United States crime continues to be one of our increasing problems within the minorities. Many people believe that crime it’s a problem on its own that is now being related to race. In today’s American society, race and crime go hand in hand. Day after day there is news reports about people of various racial backgrounds involved in criminal activities ranging in different parts of the country. As I did my research I chose a specific case that happened in Queens, New York on November 25, 2006. A young man by the name of Sean Bell was out in a strip club with a couple of his friends celebrating that he was getting married. Later that evening Sean Bell and his friends were being shot at by a couple of police detectives who believed they were armed causing the death of Mr. Bell. A similar case had occurred a couple of years back in 1999 with a young man by the name of Amadou Diallo who was fired 41 shots by police. The relevance of these two stories is that both of these men were black and according to the reports were both unarmed. Which leads to the question that many people have why these two young men are no longer here? This is where race plays a role. Looking into statistics there are a higher percent of black, Latino, and Asian crimes as there is whites. I believed these statistics are like this because they way authority figures are handling some situations especially against minorities. According to an article in the New York Times by Heather Mac Donald called â€Å"Distorting the Truth about Crime and Race†. She states that Black and Latinos are nine times more likely to be stopped by a police officer than whites. Attitudes like these are a major part of the unresolved problems we have today. Situations like Mr. Bell and Mr. Diallo are the results to the police aggression and even though authorities may deny that it has nothing to do with race. It has been a major controversy throughout the United States on why these situations still have a one thing in common race. We as a society need to gain a clearer understanding of the vast relationship between law and society. Why is there such a large connection? Why is it that is always one race that is always the target? What changes need to occur so we can change the perception of the law? Are we still a segregated country? Are we trying to change or are we just turning the other cheek? These were some of the additional questions I ask my responders. I conducted the survey through an online blogs and face to face  questionnaires. I based my questions on the location of participants and on the prior knowledge I knew they have with the criminal justice system; own encounters or experiences family members of theirs have had. The group that I targeted was mainly individuals with a higher education level of a High school diploma. I felt this was a better group to target instead of a younger crowd that I think regardless of their faults, mishap in life always look at someone or something else to blame for their current situation. I wanted a group of individuals that would look at crime and race in a three dimensional perspective and not from a tunnel vision view. Not every member in society beliefs that a person is responsible for their own destiny and that is something I am a strong believer in. It was difficult to get more inputs with individuals on the blog rather than it was getting information from individuals face to face. I am not sure why this was such a critical topic but it brought out some significant emotional event that an individual has or had experience or even a family member of theirs. * Andre Ceballos an undergraduate student at Cornell University, Hispanic male 26 years old, born and raised in New York City said â€Å"The population of prisons around the country definitely answers that question, it’s a damn shame†. * Amir Vasquez undergraduate student at Virginia State university, Hispanic male, 30 years old, born in the Dominican Republic raised in New York City Currently living in Colonial Heights, Virginia said â€Å"just take a look at Colonial White, sorry I meant Colonial Heights, where I live schools are great, free after school programs the whole nine yards, then look across the river in the city of Petersburg their high schools are not even certified and some schools missing windows and things†. My point is minorities usually don’t get a fair shake in education which leads to crime† Mr. Vasquez seems to be speaking from a functionalist perspective, he is blaming society for not offering a better education system that whe n is not provided there is not much to look forward to besides doing criminal activity . * Keisha Brown an undergraduate student at South Carolina University, African America female 25 years old, born and raised in Brooklyn, New Yorkbeaten and killed by a group of white men for alledgedly whistling at a white woman†¦ at that time, the color of his skin caused him to be a target for such a violent crime by the ‘white man’ who at those times did anything they could to make sure african americans did not survive  in their â€Å"white-only† society†¦there’s martin luther king, and even abraham lincoln who were all killed because of something to do with racism. even though lincoln was a white republican, he was the one who abolished slavery. his decision set him aside from the rest of his counterparts. yes, if you dig deeper into his history there are claims that he had slaves as servants etc, but the point im trying to make is that he actually put forth the effort to end slavery. Martin luther king was killed bc of the color of his skin and the rights that he fought for†¦ im stating facts from the past but it can be used as an introduction for your paper. oh yeah and to sum up my argument, even though those events were of the past, it has still followed the african american race even to the present day†¦ black and hispanic children in inner city communities have it even worse than any other child in america. Their race is what keeps them oppressed and from recieving the oppropriate education and solid cultural security that a white child gets living in a blue collar upper class suburban area. Therefore, when that black of hispanic child attempts to leave behind that inner city image, they cannot shake it b/c for so long theyve been treated like crimals and the scum of the earth, most of them have no choice but to turn to crime and violence just to get by in america. sry if i talked ur head off mami but i love talkin ab this type of stuff lol said â€Å" To help answer your question there is definitely a connection with race and crime in America. It has been an issue since the days of slavery, civil rights, and segregation. you can even go as far as to mention Emmitt Till who was brutally beaten and killed by a group of white men for allegedly whistling at a white woman at that time, the color of his skin caused him to be a target for such a violent crime by the ‘white man’ who at those times did anything they could to make sure African Americans did not survive in their â€Å"white-only† society, there’s Martin Luther King, and even Abraham Lincoln who were all killed because of something to do with racism. Even though Lincoln was a white republican, he was the one who abolished slavery. His decision set him aside from the rest of his counterparts. Yes, if we dig deeper into his history there are claims that he had slaves as servants etc., but the point I am trying to make is that he actually put forth the effort to end slavery. Martin Luther king was killed because of the color of his skin and the rights that he fought for. I am stating facts from the past and to sum up my  argument, even though those events were of the past, it has still followed the African American race even to the present day. Black and Hispanic children in inner city communities have it even worse than any other child in America. Their race is what keeps them oppressed and from receiving the appropriate education and solid cultural security that a white child gets living in a blue collar upper class suburban area. Therefore, when that black of Hispanic child attempts to leave behind that inner city image, they c annot shake it because for so long they’ve been treated like criminals and the scum of the earth, most of them have no choice but to turn to crime and violence just to get by in America†. * Terry Powell an African America male, 34 years old born and raised in Baton Rouge, Louisiana currently in college said â€Å"There is not a connection between crime and race because any race can commit a crime and this is clearly seen with white-collar crimes. Crime is seen in different locations high class communities as well as low class communities†. * Christina Bailey an African American female 23 years old, born and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana currently in college said â€Å"Yes, there is a connection because we as a society are not focusing on helping one another; we are focus only on helping self. With a mind frame like this the less fortunate will continue to commit crimes just so they can survive in America and needless to say the less fortunate race groups are the African Americans†. * Jacob Weber a white male 26 years old, currently living in Hawaii, in his second year in college said â€Å"Depending on the area that one lives, does crime and race have a connection. There is just a double standard in the system, and not until people that are neutral working in those positions will the system see any changes. The socialization agents play a major role, but regardless whites are more privilege than any other race†. * Miguel Perez a Hispanic male 32 years old, from Texas said â€Å" It depends on the area but minorities are seem to always be the target and because of the racism that is not seen through the naked eye minorities get the least support from the system† * Claudia Perez a Hispanic female 31 years old, from Texas said â€Å"Racism is a significant factor that dictates how America act on a situation for instance our president because of him being biracial, the public wanted him to show proof of his birth certificate, no other president has b een asked to show this document to prove his race or birth location†. * John Pates an  African American male 40 years old, currently living in Hawaii said â€Å"Yes, through history it has been noted that the ratio between black men and white men in prison is not even although blacks and whites are committing the same crimes. * Carrie Williams a white female 30 years old born and raised in Richmond, Virginia currently in college said â€Å"Race and crime have a major connection especially southern states. In southern states you will always find a police officer patrolling neighborhoods of minorities more often than that of a white community. I have asked police officers why are they constantly patrolling my neighborhood and they said â€Å"You never know what these people are planning to do next† to me that was not an answer that a law enforcement should give a citizen. Police officers in the south need more education instead of just being told what benefits they will receive from being a police officer†. Resources that oppose my thesis were not easily accessible and were not of very much accreditation. These sources were more opinionated on the topic rather than stating facts. There are many articles that supported my thesis. It is very clear to me that race and crime is a complex issue to discuss and is very hard to be honest on this topic because of our country’s history and our current statistics. In an article in the Huffington Post the author is aware of the controversy of racism in our legal system but he is also aware of how can it be a debate when the facts are proving other wise and he states 14 examples on how the system is not fair â€Å"Saying the US criminal system is racist may be politically controversial in some circles. But the facts are overwhelming. No real debate about that†. (Quigley, 2010) Race and crime connectivity will be an issue for years to come. As a society we have to understand that not everyone will on a high social class because of many other reasons beside race. A fairness of the legal system is much needed and we need to stop looking at race when punishments are delivered we need to look at the concrete facts of a case. Bibliography Parker, R. (2008 , June 02). ParaPundit. Retrieved November 1, 2010, from ParaPundit.com: http://www.parapundit.com/archives/005242.html#precomments Quigley, B. (2010, July 26). The Huffigton Post . Retrieved November 1, 2010, from